Saint Crispin’s Day and the Battle
of Agincourt
Today is the anniversary of the Battle
of Agincourt, taking place in 1415 (604 years ago) between the forces of France
and her various allies and the invading English forces under the command of
King Henry V. Shakespeare, by having his character Henry V repeatedly refer to
the day of the battle as St. Crispin’s Day, otherwise saved this obscure saint
from being lost, save for experts in hagiography, to the mist of history.
Agincourt was the third of a trio
of famous battles in the course of the 100 Years War; the other two were Crecy
(1346) and Poitiers (1356). The English
won all three of these battles. In the
end they lost the war. If you should
want a comprehensive review of the 100 Years War, the four volume treatment by
Jonathan Sumption (The Hundred Years War I – Trial by Battle; The Hundred
Years War II – Trial by Fire; The Hundred Years War III – Divided Houses;
and The Hundred Years War IV – Cursed Kings) is authoritative.
The English forces, likely numbering in
the range of 7,000, were compelled to do battle with a numerically superior
French force likely numbering in excess of 20,000. All else being equal, the
English force should have expected to be annihilated. As is typical in the case
of significant historical events, however, all things were not equal. The
French and their allies were disorganized, and overall command of the
battlefield was never achieved. Rather,
individual nobles led their own contingents forward in a disorganized and
sometimes conflicting manner. The
terrain favored the English in several ways.
The French “artillery,” crossbowmen (largely Pisan mercenaries) were not
effectively deployed, and they had the unenviable task of shooting uphill. That same terrain required the French forces,
both mounted and on foot, to attack uphill over a recently plowed field that,
consequent to the recent rain, was more mud than dirt. The French knights and
men at arms, slogging their way uphill, were a “target rich environment” for
the rain of arrows let loose by the English longbows; assuming Henry’s forces
numbered 7,000, likely 5,800 were longbowmen, each releasing four to six arrows
a minute.
Another factor was that the very size of
the French force worked to its disadvantage in that those behind continued
pressing forward, hoping for their moment of glory, even while those at the
front were being slaughtered. It was not quite the situation suffered by the
Romans at the hands of Hannibal at Cannae, but then likely it was not hugely
better.
While comparative casualty figures are
effectively impossible to ascertain, it is clear that the French were badly
mauled with significantly more casualties than the English. Further, a
significant number of French nobles fell in contrast to only two English
nobles. Also, a significant number of French knights who has been captured in
anticipation of being ransomed were executed.
The validity of the execution order, given by Henry V, is to this day
debated.
For an excellent review of the battle, see Juliet Barker's Agincourt.
It is also covered in volume four of Sumption’s treatise.
As invented by Shakespeare in Henry V, Scene iii, the St. Crispin’s Day
speech would immortalize Henry V:
WESTMORELAND. O that we now had here
But one ten thousand of those men in England
That do no work to-day!
KING. What’s he that wishes so?
My cousin, Westmoreland? No, my fair cousin;
If we are mark’d to die, we are enow
To do our country loss; and if to live,
The fewer men, the greater share of honour.
God’s will! I pray thee, wish not one man more.
By Jove, I am not covetous for gold,
Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost;
It yearns me not if men my garments wear;
Such outward things dwell not in my desires.
But if it be a sin to covet honour,
I am the most offending soul alive.
No, faith, my coz, wish not a man from England.
God’s peace! I would not lose so great an honour
As one man more methinks would share from me
For the best hope I have. O, do not wish one more!
Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host,
That he which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart; his passport shall be made,
And crowns for convoy put into his purse;
We would not die in that man’s company
That fears his fellowship to die with us.
This day is call’d the feast of Crispian.
He that outlives this day, and comes safe home,
Will stand a tip-toe when this day is nam’d,
And rouse him at the name of Crispian.
He that shall live this day, and see old age,
Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours,
And say “To-morrow is Saint Crispian.”
Then will he strip his sleeve and show his scars,
And say “These wounds I had on Crispin's day.”
Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot,
But he’ll remember, with advantages,
What feats he did that day. Then shall our names,
Familiar in his mouth as household words-
Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter,
Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester-
Be in their flowing cups freshly rememb’red.
This story shall the good man teach his son;
And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by,
From this day to the ending of the world,
But we in it shall be remembered-
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile,
This day shall
gentle his condition;
And gentlemen in England now-a-bed
Shall think themselves accurs’d they were not here,
And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks
That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.
Not recited in the list of nobles
who were part of the battle was Edward of Norwich, the Duke of York (a grandson of Edward III) He was killed while defending the king.
In 1420 Isabeau of Bavaria, queen to
the incapacitated Charles VI, signed the Treaty of Troyes, granting the French
Crown to Henry V and his heirs in place of her son. Further to that treaty,
Henry V married Catherine of Valois; she would be the mother of Henry VI with
the Valois inherited mental instability that would contribute to the Cousins
War (a/k/a the War of the Roses); HERE IS A LINK to a discussion of that
situation. Henry V died in 1422. Joan of Arc would join the fray in 1429; while
she would be in the field was than a year and a half she helped turn the tide,
and the 100 Years War would end with England holding only the region of Calais.
Today is also the anniversary of the storied “Charge of the Light
Brigade” in the Battle of Balaklave during the Crimean War (1854). That particular engagement was, for the
English forces, significantly less successful.
